tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87533169711321716062024-03-14T14:29:04.614+05:30TechtocoreWe love tech and every thing that comes with it.
Xplore deep into tech with us.Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8753316971132171606.post-45598761878869731322015-06-29T13:02:00.000+05:302015-06-29T13:02:19.261+05:30Under construction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Segoe UI Light', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 30px;">While most of our audiences are awaiting for the final release of Techtocore Xplore OS, we gearing up to work further and hence request a time extension. </span></span><br />
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Our technical crew is gettin serious on how to get it done and henceforth, we will work to ensure that we comply to the higher end of the usual industrial standards. </div>
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The certifications for which we will be working for is sure to ensure that we deliver the most robust OS on earth, the Techtocore Xplore OS. Please bear with us and as a return we will be offering exclusive early-bird offers to our existing user base and our fan-base on official social networking platforms.</div>
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Stay tuned and sit back while we work to put you on the front; ahead of any experience a traditional OS could ever offer.</div>
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We deeply regret for any inconvenience caused and thank you for you kind understanding.</div>
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Best regards,</div>
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Akash Ravi </div>
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(CEO, Techtocore)</div>
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Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8753316971132171606.post-77141892253340476532015-03-29T09:12:00.002+05:302015-03-29T09:12:56.410+05:30USB Type-C - An Intro<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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USB Type-C, the supposedly magical new standard that promises to solve all our connectivity problems, is finally real and ready for mainstream use. Type-C has been in development for a while - we first heard about it over a year ago and <a href="http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/features/ces-2015-day-4-highlights-a-super-phone-and-the-new-usb-connector-you-will-love-646974" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">first saw it in action at CES</a> in January. Now, with the high-profile launch of <a href="http://gadgets.ndtv.com/laptop/news/apple-unveils-fanless-12-inch-macbook-available-april-10-starting-at-rs-99-900-668735" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Apple's new ultra-minimalist MacBook</a>, Type-C has gone public in a big way.</div>
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<a href="http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tags/type--c" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Type-C</a> is meant to be able to work with all kinds of devices. More importantly, the same plug will be used on both sides of the cable and it is symmetrical so it can go in<a href="http://gadgets.ndtv.com/laptops/news/tiny-reversible-type-c-usb-connector-to-debut-by-2015-575564" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">no matter which way is up</a>. Users are often frustrated by USB plugs because they can't tell with a glance which way they should fit. Type-C was designed with exactly that in mind.</div>
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But there's <a href="http://www.usb.org/press/USB_Type-C_Specification_Announcement_Final.pdf" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">a lot more going on under the hood</a>, and there are going to be new problems. For starters, laptops can be charged using Type-C just like phones and tablets use USB today, but not all hosts will be able to deliver that much power. Type-C will replace dedicated <a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">HDMI</a>, <a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DisplayPort" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">DisplayPort</a> and <a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">VGA</a> video outputs on many devices, but that doesn't mean all devices with Type-C can be plugged into screens or projectors.</div>
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If you're wondering what exactly this new standard means for you, we have all the answers.</div>
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<span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline; font-size: 18px; outline: 0px;"><img alt="usb_type-c_nokia_n1_cable_ndtv_201315_201326_3868.jpg" class="mt-image-center" height="476" src="http://cdn.ndtv.com/tech/images/gadgets/usb_type-c_nokia_n1_cable_ndtv_201315_201326_3868.jpg" style="display: block; outline: 0px; text-align: center;" width="635" /><i style="outline: 0px;">The new USB Type-C connector in all its glory.</i></span><div style="font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; width: 650px;">
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<b style="outline: 0px;">The background</b><br style="outline: 0px;" />USB 1.0 and 1.1 ports first started appearing on PCs in the late 1990s and it didn't take very long for the new standard catch on. USB provided an alternative to the mess of serial, parallel, PS/2 and MIDI ports a PC user typically had to deal with, but its most attractive feature was the ability to hot-plug devices. This meant that users did not have to shut down their PCs before making hardware changes, as had been the norm. Data transfer speed topped out at 12Mbps, which was enough for things like input devices and printers.</div>
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USB 2.0, which debuted in the early 2000s, raised the speed to 480Mbps, ushering in a whole new generation of storage devices and peripherals. This is when USB emerged as a viable standard for transferring data to and from devices such as portable media players and mobile phones. Battery charging was a natural extension, and so the standard evolved to improve power delivery. Experiments were made towards a wireless USB standard, but did not really go anywhere due to power requirements and limited flexibility.</div>
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<a href="http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tags/usb-3.0" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">USB 3.0</a> came out in 2008 in response to standards such as <a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">FireWire</a> and <a href="http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESATA#eSATA" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">eSATA</a> that were better at high-speed bi-directional data transfers. Peak theoretical speed was raised to 5Gbps and for the first time, new cables and sockets were required. USB 3.0 ports and plugs were designed to be backwards compatible with older devices, which increased their size and cost to implement. However, there was no major disruption and users were not confused.</div>
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<span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline; font-size: 18px; outline: 0px;"><i style="outline: 0px;">USB 3.0 Type-A plug (top-left), USB 3.0 Type-B plug (top-right), USB 3.0 micro-B plug (bottom-left), and USB Type-C and Type-A ports (bottom-right).</i></span><div style="font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; width: 650px;">
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Less than five years later, <a href="http://gadgets.ndtv.com/tags/usb-3.1" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">USB 3.1</a> was released to double the peak speed to 10Gbps, using the same plugs and ports as USB 3.0. At this point the standard changed again, but not the connectors. </div>
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To make things a little more interesting, the label "USB 3.1" <a href="http://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/03/explaining-the-usb-3-1-gen-1-port-in-the-retina-macbook/" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">now applies retrospectively</a>to 5Gbps USB 3.0 connections as well. The terms "USB 3.1 Gen 1" and "USB 3.1 Gen 2" are being used to refer to 5Gbps and 10Gbps implementations respectively. Apple, for instance, describes the 5Gbps Type-C port on its new Macbook as USB 3.1 which is technically correct but also somewhat disingenuous.</div>
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It's impossible to imagine a world without USB - we would still have to depend on special-purpose plugs and ports for each kind of device. Charging devices, syncing data and transporting anything would be a nightmare of incompatibilities. In the age of USB, we have largely done away with installing drivers and rebooting each time we plugged a new device in to our PC - and if you can't remember an age when this was the norm, consider yourself very lucky indeed.</div>
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<b style="outline: 0px;">Introducing USB Type-C</b><br style="outline: 0px;" />First of all, Type-C is not a new version of USB and does not replace USB 3.0 or 2.0. Type-C refers to <a href="http://gadgets.ndtv.com/laptops/news/usb-31-port-and-reversible-type-c-connector-shown-off-in-leaked-images-503906" style="color: #006699; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">the plug itself</a>, and it is just a new possible interface for USB 3.1 (which now encompasses USB 3.0 as well). USB 3.1 will also be implemented with traditionally shaped USB ports and cables. Type-C will very commonly be associated with USB 3.1 but it is by no means guaranteed that a device supporting USB 3.1 speeds will use the Type-C connector, and vice versa.</div>
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Type-C will supplant the Type-A and Type-B connector types, which have until now been used to define the roles of USB host and target devices respectively. Standard USB cables were designed to have different connectors on either end to prevent people from doing things such as plugging one printer into another and expecting them to work without anyone sending print commands. Worse, people might have plugged two power sources into each other. It's for this exact reason that power cables have always had different plugs on each end - and so such problems have rarely arisen, if ever.</div>
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Over the years, Mini-B and then Micro-B emerged to cater to increasingly smaller devices (more commonly known as Mini-USB and Micro-USB respectively). However, at the same time, devices once intended to be targets began to take on aspects of host devices. We wanted to be able to plug pen drives into smartphones, print directly from storage devices, and use touchscreen tablets as control surfaces, amongst other things. USB On-the-Go (OTG) allowed devices to host other target devices through their Type-B ports. However, dongles were needed because of the different port shapes, which meant the potential of the technology was rarely realised.</div>
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Now, we'll be able to plug anything in to anything else. Theoretically, devices will sense each other and clearly establish what they expect of each other in terms of charging, control and data exchanges. Incompatible products just won't work - people will still get frustrated, but hopefully not too much. In this sense, Type-C trades one set of problems for another.</div>
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In Part 2, we get into Alternate Modes and enhanced power delivery, which are unique to Type-C, and take a look at some of the hardware that will soon be commonplace.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">courtesy: NDTV Gadgets</span></div>
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Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8753316971132171606.post-41126492212935520382015-03-11T13:20:00.002+05:302015-03-11T13:20:35.808+05:30Researcher releases tool that can hijack accounts on sites using Facebook Login<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A new tool allows hackers to generate URLs that can hijack accounts on sites that use Facebook Login, potentially enabling powerful phishing attacks.</div>
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The tool, dubbed Reconnect, was released last week by Egor Homakov, a researcher with security firm Sakurity. It takes advantage of a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) issue in Facebook Login, the service that allows users to log in on third-party sites using their Facebook accounts.</div>
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Homakov <a href="http://homakov.blogspot.com.au/2014/01/two-severe-wontfix-vulnerabilities-in.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #25a7d7; text-decoration: none;">disclosed the issue publicly</a> on his personal blog in January 2014, after Facebook declined to fix it because doing so would have broken compatibility with a large number of sites that used the service.</div>
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“Facebook refused to fix this issue one year ago, unfortunately it’s time to take it to the next level and give blackhats this simple tool,” Homakov said in a <a href="http://sakurity.com/blog/2015/03/05/RECONNECT.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #25a7d7; text-decoration: none;">blog post</a> Thursday.</div>
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The attack involves generating malicious URLs. When potential victims are tricked into clicking on the urls, they are logged out of their own Facebook accounts and into rogue accounts on the social network that have been set up by the attackers. Also in the background, their accounts on websites that use Facebook Login are linked to the rogue Facebook accounts set up by the attackers.</div>
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This gives attackers control over the victims’ accounts on those third-party sites, allowing them to change passwords, read private messages and perform other rogue actions using the hijacked accounts, Homakov said.</div>
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The Reconnect proof-of-concept tool can also generate malicious URLs to hijack accounts on Booking.com, Bit.ly, About.me, Stumbleupon, Angel.co, Mashable and Vimeo. However, many more sites that support Facebook Login can be targeted by manually inputting into the tool the links that trigger Facebook login requests on behalf of their users.</div>
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In all, the attack exploits the lack of CSRF protection for three separate processes—Facebook login, Facebook logout and third-party account connection—Homakov said. He said the first two issues can be fixed by Facebook, but the third one needs to be fixed by the sites that integrate Facebook Login.</div>
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Facebook did try to make the issue harder to exploit, to the extent it was possible without breaking functionality, and has provided guidance to website developers.</div>
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“This is a well-understood behavior,” the company said in an emailed statement. “Site developers using Login can prevent this issue by following our best practices and using the ‘state’ parameter we provide for OAuth Login.”</div>
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“We’ve also implemented several changes to help prevent login CSRF and are evaluating others while aiming to preserve necessary functionality for a large number of sites that rely upon Facebook Login,” the company said.</div>
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Credits: http://www.pcworld.com/article/2894992/tool-allows-account-hijacking-on-sites-that-use-facebook-login.html</div>
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Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8753316971132171606.post-21523852920569665252014-12-24T13:39:00.001+05:302014-12-26T19:52:32.927+05:30Why Open Source Runs The World<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A lot of folks ask me why techtocore OS is based on the open source linux. We live in a world that has no idea how important open source software is to its smooth running and the free flow of information. The Heartbleed bug was just a taster about how widespread and vital open source software now is to this new digital-world order, which is entirely underpinned by open source software. But why?</div>
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Let's play a game: imagine the world with no open source software. Steve Ballmer invented a time machine, went back to 1953 and prevented the birth of Richard Stallman, the God Father of the "open source concept" and head of the Free Software Foundation. Overnight everything open source vanishes from the face of the planet, what changes?</div>
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Of course Linux goes, but you don't care about that, right? But you can kiss goodbye to every Android phone and tablet too, as they all utilise the Linux kernel. You're ok as you're an Apple owner? Nope, the Darwin kernel is based on open source BSD, the much-loved Safari uses the open source Webkit, amongst many other elements of open source that power both the mobile iOS and desktop OS X operating systems.</div>
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What would be left? Windows of course and the Windows mobile operating systems. But without the innovation of the iPhone and Android, Microsoft would be happy to continue flogging us its terrible Windows Mobile operating system, as it'd have no need to develop a fancy touch OS like Windows Phone.</div>
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Nokia would have saved us you cry! Well you're wrong. Nokia developed Symbian that started life as an open source project. The same goes for MeeGo and Tizen, which were Linux-based operating systems. Blackberry is one of the few remaining mobile operators, but again the wonderful BlackBerry 10 wouldn't have existed without innovations from other sectors.</div>
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The same story plays out in the web server space. Currently Microsoft Server accounts for around 23% of the 600 million web servers in the world, with the majority of the rest being Linux powered. Remove open source and all you have left is Microsoft powering the world's internet infrastructure.</div>
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On the desktop, Linux has always been a bit player, but its influence is still there. Many web technologies and the web itself are based on open source and the open platforms philosophy. Kiss goodbye to Safari, Google Chrome and Firefox. The world would still be dominated by Windows desktop systems, but the range and richness of online software and services simply wouldn't exist. Google services go, Dropbox goes, no Twitter or the varied range of apps we can enjoy today.</div>
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This was just a silly academic exercise (the human need to share would have presserved the open source philosophy) but the point is to show how widely open source is used. It increases choice; Android can be adopted and adapted by any company. It speeds adoption of technologies; source code has to be made publicly available, so everyone can contribute and use it. It reduces costs; there's no need to develop technologies from scratch or buy them in at great cost, as tried and tested code can be reused. And it makes new standards widely available in the shortest time possible.</div>
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GNU/Linux as an operating system and open source as a movement have become phenomenal driving forces in the technology world. Without it the internet wouldn't exist as the free and open resource we enjoy today. </div>
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As a matter of fact is helps small orgs like us to develope our own OS !!<br />
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Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8753316971132171606.post-62239983402100949052014-11-15T18:49:00.002+05:302014-12-26T20:06:00.648+05:30Using builds<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEKN3vJAtQ57cszm44ZyZUif4_kxQuE0Rp2efhdDlr7WSEzF-Uc7wSxR0WP74HAcW93TctNU_c-YuJw-C7YnV0giTSWM69sROMH0_Asol4aEDSY4LI-njgJRldkToIkfs8ZzeasM2a2vd3/s1600/MAC255.news_feat.superdrive-580-90.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEKN3vJAtQ57cszm44ZyZUif4_kxQuE0Rp2efhdDlr7WSEzF-Uc7wSxR0WP74HAcW93TctNU_c-YuJw-C7YnV0giTSWM69sROMH0_Asol4aEDSY4LI-njgJRldkToIkfs8ZzeasM2a2vd3/s1600/MAC255.news_feat.superdrive-580-90.jpg" /></a></div>
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Techtocore OS can be used in many ways, depending on the formats chosen. Some formats can be copied to hard drives, USB sticks, CDs, and DVDs. Other formats are intended to be run inside of virtual machines or cloud systems.</div>
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If you are looking for a way to quickly and easily run Linux on your computer, we suggest building a Live CD / DVD or a VMDK (VMware / VirtualBox) appliance. Both of these formats can be used to run techtocore operating system while preserving the existing software on your computer. A live disc boots on an actual computer (from the DVD drive) while virtualization formats (such as VMDK) are similar to running a software-based computer inside of a computer.</div>
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When the file has been downloaded, most desktop environments (Gnome, KDE, and Mac OS X) provide a way to uncompress the archive by right-clicking the file (in the file manager) and selecting an “Extract here” option.</div>
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In a terminal files can be extracted with programs such as ”gunzip” and ”tar”.</div>
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Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8753316971132171606.post-1967001881687152592014-11-15T18:47:00.003+05:302014-12-27T18:56:11.072+05:30Disk images<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#writing_image_to_usb_flash_drives_in_linux" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Writing image to USB flash drives (in Linux)</a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrvVxYdAT1LW9whLetEMonX7dOTkTZWqFov4nkCqEwnzD8sK4uS5FOaR1P967vvIciYYKJosJID8RqitgWz5fkFa4QGjyjYaUzirKU6uUEjI9wqdhlYxe5rI3mfHAePy1qQpyJycrz1Mom/s1600/iso.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrvVxYdAT1LW9whLetEMonX7dOTkTZWqFov4nkCqEwnzD8sK4uS5FOaR1P967vvIciYYKJosJID8RqitgWz5fkFa4QGjyjYaUzirKU6uUEjI9wqdhlYxe5rI3mfHAePy1qQpyJycrz1Mom/s1600/iso.png" /></a>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#the_gui_way" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">The GUI way</a></li>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#the_dd_way" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">The dd way</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#writing_image_to_usb_flash_drives_in_windows" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Writing image to USB flash drives (in Windows)</a><ul style="list-style: none;">
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#the_gui_way" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">The GUI way</a></li>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#the_hard_way" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">The hard way</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#check_the_md5sum_of_the_raw_image_and_the_usb_stick" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Check the MD5SUM of the raw image and the USB stick</a></li>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#copying_an_image_onto_a_hard_disk" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Copying an image onto a hard disk</a></li>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#changing_configurations_on_disk_image" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Changing configurations on disk image</a></li>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#testing_an_image_on_qemu" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Testing an image on qemu</a></li>
<li><a href="https://susestudio.com/help/use/disk-image.html#making_a_usb_drive_bootable" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Making a USB drive bootable</a></li>
<li><br /></li>
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Writing image to USB flash drives (in Linux)</h2>
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To store the appliance you’ve created on a bootable USB stick, select the disk image type in the build tab, then build and download the gzip-compressed appliance. <a href="http://blogs.simplythebest.net/entry.php?w=RadianT&e_id=8" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Uncompress and untar the appliance</a>.</div>
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The GUI way</h3>
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Install <a href="http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/SUSE:/SUSEStudio/" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">imagewriter from the SUSE:SUSEStudio repository</a>. Then run <code style="background-color: #f8f8f8; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; white-space: pre;">imagewriter</code> as root and write your image to your chosen USB device.</div>
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The dd way</h3>
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To write your appliance to a USB stick, you need to find the device to write to. After inserting the USB stick, open a terminal and type:</div>
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You will see output similar to this:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> /dev/sda2 30969600 15533336 13863100 53% /
udev 1997904 108 1997796 1% /dev
/dev/sda5 92888248 85548000 2621560 98% /home
/dev/sda6 23671572 935276 21533836 5% /var
/dev/sdb1 7816228 1492 7814736 1% /media/disk</code></pre>
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The last entry should be the USB stick you just plugged in. If you’re in doubt, remove it, run df again and check that the line disappears. The left column in df’s output is the partition, and the path up to the number is the path to the device. In our example, ‘/dev/sdb1’ is the partition, and ‘/dev/sdb’ is the <strong>path to the device</strong>.</div>
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<strong>Important note: It is really, really important that you get the device path right - you can cause irreparable damage to your system if you don’t.</strong></div>
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After finding the device path, use the dd command to write your appliance to the USB stick. dd needs two arguments: the input file (your appliance), and the output file (the path to your USB device). In our example, the input file is named “/home/suse/myappliance.raw” and the path to the device is “/dev/sdb”, so we run the following command in a terminal:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> sudo dd if=/home/suse/myappliance.raw of=/dev/sdb bs=4k</code></pre>
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The last argument (<code style="background-color: #f8f8f8; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; white-space: pre;">bs=4k</code>) is optional, but adding it speeds up writing to the USB device.</div>
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<strong>Bear in mind that this will completely overwrite the USB device. Make sure you don’t have any important data on it first!</strong></div>
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Writing to a USB stick is usually quite slow, so don’t be alarmed if it takes a long time. When dd has finished, it will tell you some statistics about how much data it has written to the USB stick. If your USB stick has a light on it that blinks when data is being written, wait until it stops blinking before removing it.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #676767; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.05em; line-height: 1.7em;">
<strong>Note: As writing images blockwise is a critical process, compare the md5sums of the raw image and the newly created device:</strong></div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> md5sum /home/suse/myappliance.raw
md5sum /dev/sdb</code></pre>
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Now you have a custom software appliance ready to be booted from your USB stick!</div>
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To get persistence on a live hybrid USB stick system, you have to create a second partition on the stick:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> fdisk /dev/sdb
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 3935.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (661-3935, default 661):
Using default value 661
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (661-3935, default 3935):
Using default value 3935
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.</code></pre>
<h2 id="writing_image_to_usb_flash_drives_in_windows" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px;">
Writing image to USB flash drives (in Windows)</h2>
<h3 id="the_gui_way" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 0em;">
The GUI way</h3>
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On Microsoft Windows, install <a href="ftp://ftp.berlios.de/pub/kiwi/ImageWriter.exe" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">SUSE Studio ImageWriter for Microsoft Windows</a>.</div>
<h3 id="the_hard_way" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 0em;">
The hard way</h3>
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<strong>Danger! This instruction is for experts!<br />You can cause irreparable damage to your system if you make errors here.</strong></div>
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To store the appliance you’ve created on a bootable USB stick, select the <strong>disk image</strong> type in the build tab, then build and download the gzip-compressed appliance. <a href="http://blogs.simplythebest.net/entry.php?w=RadianT&e_id=8" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Uncompress and untar</a> the appliance. Perhaps you can use <a href="http://www.7-zip.org/" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">7-zip</a>, a tool unter GNU LGPL licence.</div>
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To write your appliance to a USB stick in a Windows enviroment, you need to the ’<a href="http://www.chrysocome.net/dd" style="border: none; color: #005ed8; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">dd for windows</a>’ tool.</div>
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To find the device to write to, insert the USB stick, open the command line (cmd), and type:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> dd --list</code></pre>
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You will see output similar to this:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> C:\temp>dd --list
rawwrite dd for windows version 0.5.
Written by John Newbigin <jn@it.swin.edu.au>
This program is covered by the GPL. See copying.txt for details
Win32 Available Volume Information
\\.\Volume{ac56bf46-66cc-11dc-86f6-806d6172696f}\
link to \\?\Device\HarddiskVolume1
fixed media
Mounted on \\.\c:
\\.\Volume{ac56bf47-66cc-11dc-86f6-806d6172696f}\
link to \\?\Device\HarddiskVolume2
fixed media
Mounted on \\.\d:
\\.\Volume{d8bf0b41-66cd-11dc-a7a7-806d6172696f}\
link to \\?\Device\CdRom0
CD-ROM
Mounted on \\.\e:
\\.\Volume{65668b14-8a7b-11dd-ab31-545543445208}\
link to \\?\Device\Harddisk1\DP(1)0-0+8
removeable media
Mounted on \\.\f:
NT Block Device Objects
\\?\Device\CdRom0
Removable media other than floppy. Block size = 2048
size is 695670784 bytes
\\?\Device\Harddisk0\Partition0
link to \\?\Device\Harddisk0\DR0
Fixed hard disk media. Block size = 512
size is 120034123776 bytes
\\?\Device\Harddisk0\Partition1
link to \\?\Device\HarddiskVolume1
\\?\Device\Harddisk0\Partition2
link to \\?\Device\HarddiskVolume2
\\?\Device\Harddisk0\Partition3
link to \\?\Device\HarddiskVolume3
Fixed hard disk media. Block size = 512
size is 6366334464 bytes
\\?\Device\Harddisk0\Partition4
link to \\?\Device\HarddiskVolume4
Fixed hard disk media. Block size = 512
size is 468808704 bytes
\\?\Device\Harddisk1\Partition0
link to \\?\Device\Harddisk1\DR7
Removable media other than floppy. Block size = 512
size is 1014497280 bytes
\\?\Device\Harddisk1\Partition1
link to \\?\Device\Harddisk1\DP(1)0-0+8
Removable media other than floppy. Block size = 512
size is 1014480896 bytes
Virtual input devices
/dev/zero (null data)
/dev/random (pseudo-random data)
- (standard input)
Virtual output devices
- (standard output)
C:\temp></code></pre>
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The entry we are looking for is the one that says removable media, which is the USB stick you just plugged in. If you’re in doubt, remove it, run dd –list again, and check if the line disappears. The information we need is the \.\f:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> \\.\Volume{65668b14-8a7b-11dd-ab31-545543445208}\
link to \\?\Device\Harddisk1\DP(1)0-0+8
removeable media
Mounted on \\.\f:</code></pre>
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Important note: It is really, really important that you get the device path right - you can cause irreparable damage to your system if you don’t.</div>
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After finding the device path, you need to run dd to write your appliance to the USB stick. dd needs two arguments: the input file (your appliance) and the output file (the path to your USB device). In our example, the input file is named “c:\temp\myappliance.raw” and the path to the device is “\.\f:”, so we run the following command in a terminal window:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> dd if=c:\home\suse\myappliance.raw of=\\.\f: bs=4k</code></pre>
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The last argument (bs=4k) is optional, but adding it will speed up writing to the USB device.</div>
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<strong>Bear in mind that this will completely overwrite the USB device. Make sure you don’t have any important data on it first!</strong></div>
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Writing to a USB stick is usually quite slow, so don’t be alarmed if it takes a long time. When dd has finished, it will tell you some statistics about how much data it has written to the USB stick. If your USB stick has a light on it that blinks when data is being written, wait until it stops blinking before removing it.</div>
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Now you have a custom software appliance ready to be booted from your USB stick!</div>
<h2 id="check_the_md5sum_of_the_raw_image_and_the_usb_stick" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px;">
Check the MD5SUM of the raw image and the USB stick</h2>
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We received feedback that defective USB sticks can show problems with whole systems but not with single files. If your USB stick shows confusing behavior, check the MD5SUM to be sure that your Linux system is not broken.</div>
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<strong>Note: As writing images blockwise is a critical process, please compare the md5sums of the raw image and the newly created device:</strong></div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> md5sum /home/suse/myappliance.raw
md5sum /dev/sdb</code></pre>
<h2 id="copying_an_image_onto_a_hard_disk" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px;">
Copying an image onto a hard disk</h2>
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That is the same case as How to copy an image onto a USB drive but with the difference that you need to boot from an external media, like another USB stick or liveCD with the dd tool on it.</div>
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An alternative is to boot from some live media and then transfer the image over the network from another machine. To do so, you need a live media, which contains netcat, and you have to execute the following command on the machine, where the image should be written to the hard disk:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> netcat -l -p1234 | dd of=/dev/sda</code></pre>
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Make sure that the of argument points to the disk you want to write to. Content on this disk will be lost.</div>
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On the machine where the image is located, execute the following command:</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #676767; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.05em; line-height: 1.7em;">
dd if=/path/to/image.raw | netcat 1.2.3.4 1234</div>
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Replace 1.2.3.4 by the IP address of the machine you are writing to. 1234 is just a random network port. Use a different number here, if needed.</div>
<h2 id="changing_configurations_on_disk_image" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px;">
Changing configurations on disk image</h2>
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You can mount the disk image by using the following command:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> losetup /dev/loop0 yourimage.raw
kpartx -av /dev/loop0
mount /dev/mapper/loop0p1 mnt/</code></pre>
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Then change whatever you want to change and umount.</div>
<h2 id="testing_an_image_on_qemu" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px;">
Testing an image on qemu</h2>
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You can test the images on qemu before copying them to USB or disk. Although you can do this with qemu, qemu-kvm shows a better performance. In any case, the disk image has no free space, as it would expand on the USB or disk, but it would not on qemu. After making a copy of it, you can add some free space with the command:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> dd if=/dev/zero of=image.raw bs=1 count=1 conv=notrunc seek=3G </code></pre>
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Then try the image on qemu or qemu-kvm:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> qemu image.raw </code></pre>
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or</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> qemu-kvm image.raw</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #676767; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.05em; line-height: 1.7em;">
or</div>
<pre style="background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #676767; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; overflow: auto; padding: 0.5em; width: auto;"><code style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Courier, monospace; margin: 0px; padding: 3px;"> qemu-kvm --snapshot -m 512 image.raw</code></pre>
<h2 id="making_a_usb_drive_bootable" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: 'Droid Sans', 'Albany AMT', 'lucida grande', tahoma, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px;">
Making a USB drive bootable</h2>
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It is known that in some situations the USB drive would not boot. Sometimes it may boot once, then stop booting afterwards. The problem is that the main partition should be marked as bootable. To do this, connect the usb disk and in a terminal enter: (/dev/sdb has to be your USB: Make sure to use the right device!)</div>
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fdisk /dev/sdb
\tp «--- print partition table
\ta «--- activate partition (bootable)
\t1 «--- partition 1 is bootable
\tw «--- write changes to partition table</code></pre>
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Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8753316971132171606.post-20504962593699565102014-11-15T18:45:00.000+05:302014-12-26T20:04:39.844+05:30Preload ISO<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A common use case in techtocore is the creation of hard drive images for preloading systems. This is great for setting up a computer lab or a server farm, where you want all systems to have the same software and configuration. It is also a step that system hardware vendors (OEMs/IHVs) often include in their production process.</div>
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Techtocore makes the creation of these images easy, but it’s a bit tricky to get them onto your target system. One way is to use a boot disk, like a Live CD/DVD or Live USB stick, and then dd the image to the target hard drive. This can be largely automated with a smart boot image that can, with a bit of scripting and setup, automatically load the image from a server via the network and write it to the target drive (eg. dd over netcat). Unfortunately this does not work in networkless environments and may not be worth the effort if applied to only a couple of systems.</div>
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For such cases we have added the new Preload ISO build format to facilitate this process. A preload ISO is simply a Live CD/DVD that contains the preload hard disk image. When booted, it overwrites the target disk (after user confirmation), verifies the checksum, then boots directly into the freshly loaded system. A word of warning - this format is meant for preloading and hence will overwrite all data on the target drive. Do not use this on your system unless you want to perform a clean installation! It is currently available for all base systems except SLE10.</div>
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Here’s how it looks like in Testdrive. Choose the “Install/Restore” option when booting:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZg_L_yHx9cq7gX6LWmQ9qL3n7GXH_81GddNYOJ_-Si5prNbjWiIS_JIR_wIbtjf3RvjevQ-gYmw-Zc2rC5pJ4WN2yQAQjOkyRf1wJxLik2f2gclCRVzpxEIzXdSqIa2QZUOJqSDU9U6K/s1600/tye.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZg_L_yHx9cq7gX6LWmQ9qL3n7GXH_81GddNYOJ_-Si5prNbjWiIS_JIR_wIbtjf3RvjevQ-gYmw-Zc2rC5pJ4WN2yQAQjOkyRf1wJxLik2f2gclCRVzpxEIzXdSqIa2QZUOJqSDU9U6K/s1600/tye.JPG" height="412" width="640" /></a></div>
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There is a confirmation prompt before it overwrites the target drive:<br />
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<img alt="Write confirmation dialog of Preload ISO" src="https://susestudio.com/help/use/preload-write.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 0px 5px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 0px 5px; margin-top: 10px;" /></div>
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If you have more than one disk available, you can choose from the list:</div>
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<img alt="Disk choice dialog of Preload ISO" src="https://susestudio.com/help/use/preload-choice.png" style="-webkit-box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 0px 5px; box-shadow: rgb(153, 153, 153) 0px 0px 5px; margin-top: 10px;" /></div>
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We think this will be a very useful format for system admins, ISVs/IHVs, and other users that require preloading.</div>
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Akash Ravihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13989153842834613261noreply@blogger.com